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|header1= |label2=Location |data2=Łuck, German-occupied Poland |label3=Persecution |data3=Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation, mass killings |label4=Organizations | data4=''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS''), ''Einsatzgruppe'' C, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Wehrmacht |label5=Executions | data5=Górka Połonka (see map) |label6=Victims | data6=25,600 ghettoized Jews,〔 }} The Łuck Ghetto ((ポーランド語:getto w Łucku), (ドイツ語:Ghetto Luzk)) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS'') in the prewar Polish city of Łuck (now Lutsk, Ukraine) occupied by Germany after Operation Barbarossa, in the south-eastern region of Kresy. Łuck was the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39) in the Second Polish Republic before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. The invading Soviets annexed the city to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 along with the entire region, an renamed it as Луцьк (Lutsk).〔Glenn Dynner, François Guesnet, (Ghetto of Łuck. ) BRILL 2015, p.462; ''Warsaw: The Jewish Metropolis'', ISBN 9004291814.〕〔JTA, (Nazis Expel All Jews from Luck, January 13, 1942. ) LONDON: "The entire Jewish population of the city of Luck, in Nazi-occupied Poland, has been expelled from the city, Reuters, Britain’s leading news agency, reported today. No details of the expulsion were given. The place to where the 50,000 Jewish inhabitants of Luck were deported was not mentioned in the report."〕〔(SS-Oberscharfuehrer Heinrich Feiertag, served in 1942 at the Luck ghetto ) (also in Krasne camp). - Google Cultural Institute.〕〔Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015), ''(The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. )'' Cambridge University Press via Google Books, p.193. "The Home Army nevertheless noted armed resistance in the Łuck ghetto. Consequently, some managed to flee and join partisan groups in the forests."〕 == Background == According to Polish census of 1931, Jews constituted 48.5% of the Łuck's diverse multicultural population of 35,550 people.〔Central Statistical Office (Poland), Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności. Woj.wołyńskie, 1931. PDF file, 21.21 MB. The complete text of the Polish census of 1931 for the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39), page 59 (select, drop-down menu). Wikimedia Commons.〕 Łuck had the largest Jewish community in the province.〔(Wydarzenia 1931 roku. ) Historia-Polski.com. Wykaz miast RP z populacją żydowską powyżej 12 tysięcy. Łuck: 17.366 czyli 48% ludności.〕 Łuck was in the eastern part of prewar Poland, and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact meant that it was occupied by the Red Army during the September 1939 invasion of Poland. The region was Sovietized in an atmosphere of terror.〔Bernd Wegner (1997). ''(From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. )'' Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.〕〔Marek Wierzbicki, (Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką. ) ''Bialorus.pl'' (Warszawa), pp. 1/3. 〕 Political, communal and cultural institutions were shut down, and Jewish community leaders were arrested by the NKVD.〔 In June 1940 the Soviet secret police uncovered the Zionist "Godronia" organization and imprisoned its leaders. Polish-Jewish families who fled to Łuck from the Nazis were rounded up and deported to the Soviet interior,〔 along with train-loads of dispossessed Christian Poles.〔Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998), ''(Poland's Holocaust )'' (Google Books). Jefferson: McFarland, pp. 17-18, 420. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.〕 Some 10,000 people were sent in cattle trains to Siberia in four waves of deportations from the Łuck county beginning in February, April and June 1940.〔Feliks Trusiewicz, (Zbrodnie – Ludobójstwo dokonane na ludności polskiej w powiecie Łuck, woj. wołyńskie, w latach 1939–1944. ) (War crimes committed against Polish nationals in the Łuck county, 1939–44). Retrieved July 22, 2015.〕 The German Wehrmacht attacked the Soviet forces in eastern Poland on . Many young Jews left Łuck with the retreating Red Army,〔 but very few Jewish families followed them.〔 The escaping NKVD, responsible for political prisons, offered amnesty to the inmates of the Łuck prison and in the morning of ordered them to exit the building to the courtyards en masse. The gates were locked, and all prisoners mowed down by heavy machine guns and grenades thrown from prison windows; 2,000 people died on the spot.〔 Document size 1.63 MB.〕 A small group of survivors was forced by the NKVD to bury the bodies over the next two days, in five mass graves.〔Berkhoff 2004, p. 241.〕 In total, some 4,000 captives including Poles, Jews and Ukrainians were murdered by the secret police before withdrawal.〔Piotrowski 1998, p. 17.〕 The Germans rolled into the city on . They overlooked the Soviet killings of Poles and Jews. But the killings of Ukrainians were documented, and, by the Nazi ideology of Judeo-Bolshevism, the Jews were to be held responsible for what the Soviets did. The Ukrainian People's Militia vented their rage by organizing a pogrom. The Synagogue along with the Jewish homes were set on fire.〔Ronald Headland (1992), ''(Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943. )'' Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, p. 125. ISBN 0-8386-3418-4.〕 The Nazi's wave of mass executions began a week later. A mobile killing squad, Einsatzgruppe C's ''Einsatzkommando 4a'', assisted by an infantry platoon, massacred 1,160 Jews on .〔Headland 1992, chpt. ''Army Cooperation with the Einsatzgruppen'', (p. 141. )〕 At Lubart's Castle, 3,000 Jews were shot by heavy machine guns on .〔 Overall, some 2,000 Polish Jews were murdered by the ''SS-Sonderkommando'' 4a alone as reprisal for the NKVD killings of Ukrainians (9.2 percent of population in 1931)〔 even though Polish Jews had nothing to do with the killings.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Łuck Ghetto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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